Comment: Cf. also Ag. Bursh., Tp. liχan- 'to work', and the derivates: Tab. laχIin, Ag. Bursh. leχen 'work', Rut. luχun 'collective work (while building a house)'. Here we must also relate Lezg. ḳʷa-laχ- 'to work', Rut. gʷa-laχ 'work' (although the prefixation is not clear). The Archi form has a secondary labialisation (inf. irχʷmus < *irχn-bos with assimilation); however, tense -χ:ʷ- in durative forms (like =irχ:ʷin) must be secondary, because all other languages and the external evidence point certainly to weak PL *-χ-.
Comment: Cf. also Arch. dur. χʷal, imp. χʷirχi-r. The Arch. -l in durative goes back to *-r under influence of the medial *-l- which had itself dropped out later (reconstruction of the root-final *-l is not probable in this case,because one would expect its shift to -n in Arch.).
Meaning:1 to come 2 to go 3 to go away 4 coming 5 bring
Lezghian:q:ʷe- (inf.) 1
Tabasaran:ʁI- 1, 2; a=ʁI-2
Agul:baI- 2
Rutul:qI-u=ʁIu- 3
Tsakhur:=ɨq:Ia- 2
Kryz:t-uʁ- 5
Budukh:č-a=ʁ- 2,5
Archi:qIe-s,herqIa-s 2
Udi:eʁa-lo 4
Comment: Different grades of the PL Ablaut paradigm (*ʔiqI:ʷä-/*ʔäqI:ʷa-/*ʔoqI:ʷä-) are reflected in different languages (all three grades simultaneously are present in Archi: qIe-s /*ʔiqI:ʷä-/, dur. orqIi-r /*ʔoqI:ʷä-/ 'go', h-erqIa-s /*ʔäqI:ʷa-/ 'go, walk'). The Ag. form varies across dialects: Rich. baI-, Tp.,Bursh. waI-, Fit. ʁIʷa-. In the prohibitive form (meaning in Ag. both "do not go" and "do not be, become") the root consonant either loses labialisation (Bursh. maR̀a), or acquires nasalisation (Rich. maIma). In Budukh č-a=ʁ- is durative, tu=ʁ- ( = Kryz. tuʁ-) - terminative; cf. also Kryz. q:-äʁ- 'to bring (from below)', ʕ-uʁ- 'to bring (from above)' ( = Bud. ʕu=ʁ- id.).
Comment: Cf. also Ag. Bursh. q-aqi- 'to carry on back'. Tab. and Ag. reflect the Ablaut stem *ʔäqIV(r)- (in Ag. - with secondary loss of pharyngealisation in the vicinity of front vowels). There are no parallels in Tsakh. and Shakhdagh, thus it is impossible to establish the presence or absence of *-r-conjugation in PL.
Comment: Archi reflects the Ablaut grade *ʔiq̇:ä- (with regular loss of i-); all other languages reflect the Ablaut grade *ʔoq̇:ä- (the "plural" aspect).
Comment: It is hard to separate the Bud. and Arch. forms, although the correspondence is not quite regular: the Archi morphonology shows that Archi has a tense q̇:I (cf. e. g. 3d cl. ba-q̇:Ia-s), going back to PL *q̇:I - which should be reflected in Bud. as -q-. Therefore either there is a misspelling in the Archi recordings, or there occurred an irregular development in Budukh.
Comment: All forms are in fact verbal adjectives. The verbal forms are widely preserved: Lezg. q̇ura-z (praet. q̇ura-na) 'to dry', Tab. u-r-q:u-z 'to get stale', Ag. ruq:ʷa-s (Bursh. urq:ʷa-s) 'to dry', Arch. q̇ura-s (imper. q̇uraq̇:a)/ q̇ʷa-s id. The Rut. and Bud. form may have been influenced by Turkic (cf. Azerb. Guru 'dry'), but there is no doubt in the authenticity of this root in PL.
Comment: For PL Ablaut grades *ʔiq̇ʷä- / *ʔäq̇ʷä- / *ʔoq̇ʷä- can be reconstructed. Cf. in Archi: q̇Ie-q̇ʷi- 'sit' (*ʔäq̇ʷä- with reduplication), o=q̇i- id. (*ʔoq̇ʷä-); Rut. s-u=q̇ʷa-/s-i=q̇ʷa- 'sit' (*ʔiq̇ʷä-), but s-ɨ=q̇Ia- 'sit (plur.) (*ʔoq̇ʷä-). Cf. also Kryz. q̇o-q̇un- 'to sit (on horse-back)'. Unclear are reasons for the -n-/-l- conjugation in Kryz. and Bud.
Comment: In Lezg. a secondary dissimilatory vowel shift (*ʔirɨ- > *ʔerɨ-, cf. Khl. eri); in Tab., on the other hand, assimilation due to labialisation (cf. Tab. Düb. iri 'red'). In Kryz. and Bud. the word for 'blood' is derived from this adjectival base.
Comment: See Trubetzkoy 1922, 241; Лексика 1971, 242; Гигинейшвили 1977, 110. In Arch. cf. also ƛ̣o-n-ṭol 'finger-nail' (etymologically 'the part of the finger which is being cut').
Comment: Udi is the only Lezghian language that has preserved the old verbal root. All other languages reflect only derivates: a) PL *rap:/*räp: 'awl' (Lezg. rib, erg. rip:ini, Tab. rib, Ag. reb, Rut. rab, Tsakh. rab, Kryz. reb, Bud. räb, Arch. dab); b) PL *wurep:a (and, with metathesis, *ruwep:a > *rup:a) (Tab. rub, Ag. rub, Rut. rub, Tsakh. wība/wejba, Gelm. wɨjäba, Arch. dub- in dub-ʎas 'to sew'). Cf. Бокарев 1961,61; Лексика 1971,216,202; Гигинейшвили 1977, 76.
Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. a=q:-, Ag. Bursh. urʕa-. Bud. and Kryz. reflect the Ablaut grade *ʔärq:e(r)- with a regular shift *ä > *a before a uvular. The adjective for 'cold' is in some languages derived from this verb, cf. Tab. Kand. ʁa-ʁu, Ag. ruʁu-f, Kryz. soʁa(j), Bud. soʁo. We should also add here (as an old participial structure, with loss of initial vowel), Kryz. q:aj 'cold' and Lezg. q:aj '(cold) wind'. A derivate from the same root is also Arch. qo-l 'ice'.
Comment: The adjective 'round' is formed from this stem in Lezg. (elq:ʷej) and Rut. (ruʁu-d). In Lezg. el- is a preverb (el-q:ʷe-z = Tab. il-d-irʁ-uz id.). In Rut. cf. also the reduplicated stem ʁʷɨrʁʷa-s 'to walk around; to turn (a wheel)' (with the Ablaut grade *-o-).
